A number of neurological diseases have been found, or have been predicted to be, the result of abnormal connectivity between different regions of the brain. These neurological diseases include, but are not limited to, autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and ADHD. This functional connectivity between brain regions is quite difficult to study, and most studies currently employ methods that are not only expensive in cost (such as fMRI), but in the amount of time that it takes to make the observations necessary to gain insight into the interactions that take place between different cortical regions. We have recently developed quick and efficient methods for a noninvasive means of obtaining objective measures for how well cortical regions that are spaced at varying distances interact with one another. The observations that we have obtained, to date, involve interactions that take place between cortical areas that are activated by different types of skin stimulation. (It should be noted that, in general, all of the cortex develops in the same way and is organized in a similar fashion, and developmental and degeneration problems often affect all parts of the cortex similarly.) Closely aligned cortical regions can be activated by stimulating regions of the skin that are very close; cortical regions that are far away from each other may be activated by stimulating skin sites that are either remote to one another (such as stimulating skin sites on opposite hands) or by stimulating skin sites with stimuli of varying modality that activate very different cortical areas. In this application, we demonstrate that the integration of information from two closely spaced stimuli depends on the integration of both spatial and temporal information. However, we also show that in one neurological disorder, autism, this integration of information does not occur properly, and there is a significant measurable difference between the observations obtained from autism subjects and control subjects. This proposal seeks to (1) complete the development and beta-testing of a portable stimulator, based on the prototype that we used to collect our soon-to-be-published preliminary data and (2) obtain additional information about the relationship between spatial and temporal integration in not only normal and autism subjects, but in subjects with other neurological disorders. It is anticipated that the device we propose to fabricate could be used to study not only a number of neurological disorders but could also be used to evaluate the efficacy of therapies (pharmacological or otherwise) on subjects afflicted with these disorders, as a diagnostic screening tool for the early detection of a wide variety of neurological disorders, and/or as a device to track the progression of any centrally mediated neurological disorder. |